2 Neuroimaging sample

Author: Lucas Toshio Ito
lucas.toshio.ito@gmail.com
Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)

Last updated: August 10, 2026

Counts represent raw availability before modality-specific quality control. Cumulative cases are participants who met the phenotype definition at any observed timepoint; missing assessments are skipped.

Psychiatric Disorders (DAWBA):

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): dcanyhk
Anxiety Disorder: dcpanic; dcagor; dcgena; dcsoph; dcspph
Bipolar Disorder / Mania: dcmania
Eating Disorder: dceat
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): dcmadep
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD): dcocd
Psychosis: dcpsych
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): dcptsd
Any Psychiatric Disorder: dcany

Suicidality variables (C-SSRS):

Suicidal Ideation (SI): p_colbi1_lt, p_colbi2_lt
Suicide Attempt (SA): p_colbsb1a_lt, p_colbsb2a_lt, p_colbsb3a_lt

2.1 Demographic Characteristics

Demographic Characteristics of the Study Sample
Variable	Wave0 N = 743¹	Wave1 N = 466¹	Wave2 N = 418¹	Wave3 N = 828¹	Overall N = 1,321²
Sex at birth
Male	422 (56.8%)	270 (57.9%)	234 (56.0%)	422 (51.0%)	710 (53.7%)
Female	321 (43.2%)	196 (42.1%)	184 (44.0%)	406 (49.0%)	611 (46.3%)
Age
Mean (SD)	10.7 (1.9)	14.4 (1.9)	17.9 (1.9)	24.0 (2.0)	23.3 (2.6)
Median (Q1-Q3)	10.6 (9.2-11.9)	14.2 (12.9-15.7)	17.8 (16.4-19.4)	23.9 (22.4-25.3)	23.5 (21.9-25.1)
State
RS	366 (49.3%)	213 (45.7%)	193 (46.2%)	408 (49.3%)	655 (49.6%)
SP	377 (50.7%)	253 (54.3%)	225 (53.8%)	420 (50.7%)	666 (50.4%)
Selection
Random	342 (46.0%)	210 (45.1%)	193 (46.2%)	316 (38.2%)	534 (40.4%)
High Risk	401 (54.0%)	256 (54.9%)	225 (53.8%)	512 (61.8%)	787 (59.6%)
Skin color
White	411 (55.3%)	249 (53.4%)	234 (56.0%)	441 (53.3%)	727 (55.0%)
Black	92 (12.4%)	72 (15.5%)	45 (10.8%)	109 (13.2%)	178 (13.5%)
Between white and black (brown)	235 (31.6%)	142 (30.5%)	136 (32.5%)	273 (33.0%)	409 (31.0%)
Indigenous	2 (0.3%)	1 (0.2%)	1 (0.2%)	2 (0.2%)	3 (0.2%)
Asian	3 (0.4%)	2 (0.4%)	2 (0.5%)	3 (0.4%)	4 (0.3%)
¹ n (%)
² Overall N includes participants with neuroimaging data at any timepoint and reflects data from their most recent assessment.

2.2 Wave-Specific Psychiatric Phenotypes

Wave-Specific Psychiatric Phenotypes Prevalence Among Probands with Neuroimaging Data (BHRC)
Psychiatric Phenotype	Wave 0 (N=743)	Wave 1 (N=466)	Wave 2 (N=418)	Wave 3 (N=828)	Lifetime (N=1321)¹
ADHD	90 (12.1%)	48 (10.3%)	21 (5.1%)	33 (4.0%)	267 (20.2%)
Anxiety Disorders	56 (7.5%)	62 (13.3%)	54 (13.0%)	171 (20.7%)	457 (34.6%)
Bipolar Disorder or Mania	3 (0.4%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.2%)	16 (1.9%)	22 (1.7%)
Eating Disorders	5 (0.7%)	7 (1.5%)	3 (0.7%)	24 (2.9%)	61 (4.6%)
Major Depressive Disorder	27 (3.6%)	46 (9.9%)	65 (15.7%)	119 (14.4%)	374 (28.3%)
OCD	2 (0.3%)	10 (2.1%)	3 (0.7%)	9 (1.1%)	41 (3.1%)
Psychosis	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.2%)	2 (0.5%)	0 (0.0%)	5 (0.4%)
PTSD	10 (1.3%)	7 (1.5%)	8 (1.9%)	44 (5.3%)	104 (7.9%)
Any Psychiatric Disorder	226 (30.4%)	176 (37.8%)	123 (29.6%)	323 (39.0%)	845 (64.0%)
Suicidal Ideation²	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	350 (42.3%)	488 (36.9%)
Suicide Attempt²	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	171 (20.7%)	248 (18.8%)
¹ Lifetime N represents the phenotype at any assessment among participants with neuroimaging data.
² Suicidality phenotypes were only evaluated in the last follow-up (Wave 3).
Diagnoses were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) following DSM-IV criteria. The table summarizes psychiatric disorders identified among probands at each assessment wave.

2.3 Cumulative Psychiatric Phenotypes

Cumulative Psychiatric Phenotypes Prevalence Across Waves Among Probands with Neuroimaging Data (BHRC)
Psychiatric Phenotype	Wave 0 (N=743)	Wave 1 (N=466)	Wave 2 (N=418)	Wave 3 (N=828)	Lifetime (N=1321)¹
ADHD	90 (12.1%)	98 (21.0%)	79 (18.9%)	152 (18.4%)	267 (20.2%)
Anxiety Disorders	56 (7.5%)	96 (20.6%)	108 (25.8%)	308 (37.2%)	457 (34.6%)
Bipolar Disorder or Mania	3 (0.4%)	2 (0.4%)	1 (0.2%)	17 (2.1%)	22 (1.7%)
Eating Disorders	5 (0.7%)	11 (2.4%)	10 (2.4%)	41 (5.0%)	61 (4.6%)
Major Depressive Disorder	27 (3.6%)	53 (11.4%)	97 (23.2%)	245 (29.6%)	374 (28.3%)
OCD	2 (0.3%)	11 (2.4%)	11 (2.6%)	24 (2.9%)	41 (3.1%)
Psychosis	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.2%)	3 (0.7%)	3 (0.4%)	5 (0.4%)
PTSD	10 (1.3%)	12 (2.6%)	14 (3.3%)	70 (8.5%)	104 (7.9%)
Any Psychiatric Disorder	226 (30.4%)	245 (52.6%)	238 (56.9%)	538 (65.0%)	845 (64.0%)
Suicidal Ideation²	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	350 (42.3%)	488 (36.9%)
Suicide Attempt²	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	171 (20.7%)	248 (18.8%)
¹ Lifetime N represents the phenotype at any assessment among participants with neuroimaging data.
² Suicidality phenotypes were only evaluated in the last follow-up (Wave 3).
Diagnoses were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) following DSM-IV criteria. The table summarizes lifetime psychiatric disorders identified in probands up to each wave. Phenotypes are counted from the wave of first identification onward.

2.4 Diagnosis Timing Relative to Neuroimaging Acquisition

A diagnosis is counted by acquisition when identified in the same or an earlier wave. Age-18+ diagnoses use p1dawbaage or sdawbaage.

Exclusions

Pre-18-only cases and diagnoses first observed after acquisition are excluded from controls. Participants without an age-18+ evaluation fall outside the adult denominator.

Psychiatric Diagnosis Timing Among Probands with Neuroimaging Data (BHRC)
Cell format: cases / controls / excluded lifetime cases
Psychiatric Phenotype	Lifetime (N=1321)	Diagnosed at 18+ (N=1264)	By neuroimaging wave (N=1321)	At 18+ by neuroimaging wave (N=916)
ADHD	267 / 1,054 / 0	68 / 1,007 / 189	244 / 1,054 / 23	47 / 743 / 126
Anxiety Disorders	457 / 864 / 0	301 / 812 / 151	394 / 864 / 63	227 / 577 / 112
Bipolar Disorder or Mania	22 / 1,299 / 0	17 / 1,243 / 4	21 / 1,299 / 1	16 / 899 / 1
Eating Disorders	61 / 1,260 / 0	38 / 1,203 / 23	54 / 1,260 / 7	33 / 871 / 12
Major Depressive Disorder	374 / 947 / 0	255 / 899 / 110	311 / 947 / 63	186 / 638 / 92
OCD	41 / 1,280 / 0	18 / 1,224 / 22	35 / 1,280 / 6	13 / 888 / 15
Psychosis	5 / 1,316 / 0	3 / 1,259 / 2	5 / 1,316 / 0	3 / 911 / 2
PTSD	104 / 1,217 / 0	70 / 1,162 / 32	84 / 1,217 / 20	51 / 842 / 23
Any Psychiatric Disorder	845 / 476 / 0	546 / 446 / 272	772 / 476 / 73	409 / 314 / 193
Controls were evaluated for the phenotype and were never positive at any observed wave. For the age-18+ columns, a case was positive at an evaluation conducted at age 18 or older; diagnoses observed only before 18 were excluded rather than treated as controls. For neuroimaging columns, diagnoses must occur during the same wave or a previous wave. Lifetime cases diagnosed only after the last relevant neuroimaging wave were also excluded from controls. Participants without an eligible age-18+ evaluation are outside the adult denominators: 57 for the diagnosis-at-18+ column and 405 for the age-18+ neuroimaging column. Counts represent raw availability before modality-specific quality control.